Homepage / Currency / Global LNG giants turn to poor countries for new markets
Лучшие тайтлы онлайн казино леон: топ новинок Picking a gaming platform 7Slots in the virtual space for real cash gaming: essential characteristics Meet other lesbianas and discover your perfect match Аркада Казино (Arkada Casino) Игровой Онлайн Клуб How To Locate The Very Best Transgender Online Dating Sites – Hookup Guide Find your perfect match: bi ladies seeking couples SLOT PULSA SITUS SLOT DEPOSIT PULSA 10 RIBU TANPA POTONGAN SEKALI SPIN MAXWIN Sports Betting Bet on Sports Online in South Africa Slot Entertainment Without Funding an Account in a Trusted Virtual Club Составление обзора казино в виртуальном формате Le Jeu en Ligne en France: Casinos en Ligne et leur Rфle dans l’Industrie Moderne des Jeux d’Argent Mostbet App A Convenient And Reliable Way To Place Bets Masjid Al-Huda Mranggen Demak Lemon Casino recenzja nowego polskiego kasyna Atrakcyjne bonusy i wysoki RTP! MostBet Bangladesh BD ᐉ Official Site Most Bet Casino and Sport Betting Lil Nas X calls out the BET Awards in his new single He has a point : NPR Most readily useful Adult Internet Dating Sites | FreeHookupsSites Unlocking the secrets of craigslist m4m green bay dating Just what comes in 66 sizes and vegan latex? Brand new generation of condoms | Sex | 8 Brands & Generics Human Growth Hormone HGH Injections Find local black hookups near you what’s ssbbw chat? About Japanese Dating society and also the west Guy who would like to Date a Japanese woman – MeetKing Blog 9 Guidelines On How To Hook-up On College Gameday (At Any College) Leading Live Casino Games Provider Leading Live Casino Games Provider Pin Up Slotlarýyla Eðlence ve Para Kazanma Bir Arada The core concept of digital entertainment hub AbeBet: signature points and groups Live-сессии с дилерами в онлайн-казино azino777 How Online Gambling Enterprises Operate Around the World Meet compatible single mothers and exchange ideas official site Play airplane online Ritalin: Jak legálně zakoupit bez receptu v České republice Connect with suitable asian singles in your area How-to Date A Pornstar While Making It Operate (The Ultimate Guide) Buy Bitcoin with Credit Card or Debit Card Instantly Buy Bitcoin How to buy BTC Finding trans girls near you – the simplest way to hookup Connect with like-minded singles on a mennonite dating website Assortment of in-demand games respected casino platform abe bet casino in cyberspace Connect with girls from round the world Alexander Gambling establishment: Dйcouvrez une Nouvelle Expйrience de Jeu en Ligne Le meilleur Extra casino en ligne pour jouer BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING The simplest way to get a local hookup what’s millionairess dating? Get prepared to connect to latinas whom share your interests Estonian Chat place – an ideal Place for Dating Estonian Singles Join our bisexual chat room now and commence connecting Discover the advantages of dating a mature mom latina How to discover the best bbw hookup app for you Title: Juega en 1Win Casino Argentina Bonos y Apuestas 5 Best BBW Lesbian Dating Apps/Sites In 2022 Online Gambling Review submissions dia govt.nz Разыгрываемые джекпоты в виртуальном клубе Вулкан казино 30 Of The Greatest Adult Sex Toys For Males | Men’s Room Health Mag Australian Continent Cazino 7 slots cyberspace: conditions and rules for betting with real cash 1Win: ¡el mejor lugar de casino y apuestas deportivas de Argentina! Aufcasino Kde zakoupit Stromectol online: Kompletní průvodce ????Mature Dating Evaluation 2023 – Whatever You Need To Know About It! ???? Take the first step towards fulfilling your ebony lesbian bbw match now Ideas on how to come-out: Tips to keep in mind > Taimi Meet your perfect match – granny hookup site Türkiye-Çin İşbirliği Derinleşiyor GuGi Mobil Yükleme Seçenekleri Hizmet İçi Eğitim Sona Erdi Dooball tv ดูบอล ออนไลน์ สด 66 ลิงค์ บนมือถือ ฟรี ภาพชัด HD ทั่วโลก Find your rich cougar date in the most useful dating site Find your dream fat girl hookup today Slot Thailand Daftar Link Situs Slot Gacor Maxwin x500 Terbaru Hari Ini Resmi Auto Jackpot! Konsultasi ke Dewan Pers, Komisi I DPRD Jambi Pertanyakan Indeks Kemerdekaan Pers Jambi yang Turun Akses News Cerita Korban Judol di Balikpapan yang Nekat Gelapkan Uang How to get local horney women in your area 3 Cara Hapus Akun Judi Online Slot : Okezone Economy SITUS TOTO > Sering Kalah Main Di Situs Slot Gacor Terbaru Mudah Maxwin Situs Slot Gacor Maxwin Main Tanpa Pola Modal 5ribu Terbaik Melhores cassinos online de Novembro 2024: Confira o top 10! Enjoy amazing gay sex experiences using the top sites on the web Make the absolute most of one’s big butt dating adventure here 9 circumstances this means when a person avoids eye contact with a lady – Hack Spirit Top Greatest M4M Personals Sites in 2022 ◉ BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING Лотерейные розыгрыши в kasino on-line Лев казино: условия осуществления и доступа Main features of playing in machines at online-club Karavan Connect with like-minded females making new friends Comment accéder à des jeux gratuits avec Space fortuna bonus ? PUCUK4D⭐ Bandar Toto Togel Online & Situs Toto 4d Terpercaya #1 Betting site Karavan bet Gates of Olympus internet-based: benefits of playing for real money Discover an environment of opportunities with lesbian and bisexual dating Aprovecha Los Códigos Promocionales De Bbrbet ¡más Bonos, Más Juegos 1xbet Giriş Yeni Adresi 2024 ⭐️ 1xbahis Güncel Adres » 1x Guess Mobil Casino How to get started with sext room BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING BLACK SEO LINKS, BACKLINKS, SOFTWARE FOR MASS BACKLINKING

Currency

Global LNG giants turn to poor countries for new markets

WHEN it comes to liquefied natural gas (LNG), the supermajors have supersized appetites. The likes of Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil and BP make discoveries described as “elephants”; their cost overruns alone can run into the tens of billions of dollars; and projects take the best part of a decade to complete. For years, the industry has demanded fixed, long-term contracts from their customers to justify the size of these megaprojects.

The producers also have pretty big problems. They are in the midst of a vast expansion in Australia and elsewhere just as the shale revolution and the start of American LNG exports has brought an unexpected burst of gas onto markets, clobbering prices for the foreseeable future and forcing producers into concessions. Demand in rich countries such as Japan and much of western Europe appears to be in long-term decline.

  • The Gates Foundation is worried about the world’s health

  • Retail sales, producer prices, wages and exchange rates

  • Foreign reserves

  • Why Italy’s troubled economy is returning to form

  • Sorry, Roger: Rafael Nadal is not just the king of clay

  • Sam Brownback, governor of Kansas, heads for the exit

At least one big customer, China, is making life easier. Thanks to low prices and government policies favouring gas over coal, its consumption of LNG has shot up by 50% in the past year. But domestic gas production is growing, and within two years it expects to pipe in huge volumes of Russian gas, so it can play suppliers off against each other. India is a more immediate problem. On September 11th its main importer, Petronet LNG, said it had provisionally renegotiated a 20-year supply contract with ExxonMobil that is expected to bring in gas from Australia at lower cost, albeit in larger volumes. It is the second time in two years that India has arm-twisted a producer into offering better terms.

The result is that huge LNG producers are increasingly reliant on small developing countries. The International Energy Agency, a body that represents energy consumers, says the number of LNG-importing countries has risen from 15 in 2005 to 39. Imports are rising at their fastest rate since 2011, in part because of demand from these places. Like India, low prices also embolden them to demand concessions. “We have a situation that is wonderful for emerging markets. It’s a buyers’ market,” says Lance Crist of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private-sector arm of the World Bank.

The trouble is, many energy-hungry countries lack the pipeline networks to distribute gas. Nor do they possess the creditworthiness to sign long-term contracts. To tap new markets, the gas giants need to think small, not big. They must recognise that flexibility is vital, analysts say.

One way of doing this is to support the development of floating terminals, rather than fixed infrastructure, to bring gas to coastal cities. One model is Excelerate Energy, a Texas-based firm that provides floating storage and regasification units (FSRUs), which turn the liquefied hydrocarbons into gas, and pipe it ashore to power plants and local grids. One of its projects (pictured), backed by the IFC, is to supply gas to a coastal town in southeastern Bangladesh, starting next year. Nick Bedford, the firm’s chief financial officer, says the cost to Petrobangla, the state oil company, will be $85m a year, excluding the gas.

In contrast, building an onshore regasification plant instead could cost a hefty $1bn, and would commit the country to natural gas for decades, even as the promise of renewable energy becomes more attractive. FSRUs are stimulating smallish pockets of demand around the world. Last year Total, the French supermajor, took a leaf out of Excelerate’s book by agreeing to spearhead an FSRU project in Côte d’Ivoire.

Another option is for big oil companies to give financial support for the construction of gas infrastructure in poor countries as a way to foster demand. This week Shell took a step in that direction by announcing that it is exploring a joint project with a Nigerian firm, Shoreline Energy, to bring domestic gas to an area near Lagos. Kola Karim, Shoreline’s boss, said the proposed $300m project would enable Shell to pipe gas into places where the infrastructure is “shot to bits”. But it is a departure from Shell’s core job of producing gas globally.

Such ventures may become more widespread if big LNG export projects extend to places like Mozambique and Tanzania, which are starved of fuel domestically. Tisha Schuller of Adamantine Energy, a consultancy, says LNG producers have a delicate balancing act. On the one hand, they want to avoid accusations of fostering an “addiction” to fossil fuels in poor countries with strong renewable-energy potential. On the other hand, reducing energy poverty by supplying gas, which is cleaner than coal and oil, could enhance their reputations. As Western consumers and financiers increasingly turn against fossil fuels, getting that balance right in the developing world will be vital.

Source: economist
Global LNG giants turn to poor countries for new markets

Comments are closed.