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The U.S. economy is more vibrant than it has been in years, yet the bond market insists a recession could be on the horizon.

Some market pros say that warning from the Treasury yield curve, which has long been viewed as reliable, is not as relevant as it once was because of the long years of central bank easing that has depressed interest rates and turned debt markets into far more placid arenas.

The curve has been getting flatter by the day — meaning short-end interest rates are rising faster than long-term rates, and they are growing closer together. A flattening curve is a warning about economic weakness ahead, but should the curve invert— where the short end yield, like the 2-year, is actually higher than the 10-year—that would be viewed as a very solid recession warning.

On Friday, the gap between the 2-year yield and 10-year yield narrowed to just 25.5 basis points, a new 11-year low.

“The bond market is telling us the [economic recovery] is going to end soon, so let’s price it in with certainty,” said George Goncalves, head of U.S. fixed income rate strategy at Nomura. “They might be right, but they’re too early to call the end of the business cycle. It’s more the fact that it’s flattened so low, and it’s that people are dismissive of this economic recovery…If you look at the facts, why are people jumping on this ‘recession yield curve’ bandwagon when they haven’t given the U.S. economy a chance to see how much it can run? It could show up two years later. Why price it in with such certainty?”

However, many in the markets are taking the message seriously. Joseph LaVorgna, Natixis chief economist Americas, said the flattening curve is sending a warning, and many investors will see it that way. The financial sector is among the first areas to be pinched when the curve inverts.

“In general terms, if your cost of funds is 3 percent, and the return on your lendable funds is 2.5 percent, you’re not going to make money. You’re going to lose money. What happens is when the curve flattens and then inverts, you disintermediate the financial system…which means people are going to borrow and lend less,” he said.

Goncalves said some banks would start to feel the pinch, but in the two years before the financial crisis, after the curve inverted, they were still making money. “During that time, there was a lot of creative financing that was happening. That ended up causing other issues but banks were profitable during that time period,” he said.

The inversion, or the flipping, of the yield curve has certainly preceded recessions, but the timing of the onset has not been very consistent and has been as quick as a few months or as long as two years.

“The time frame between inversion and recession can be quite extended. The economy can stay in positive territory, and the markets as well,” said Leo Grohowiski, CIO at Bank of NY Mellon Wealth Management. The time between the curve inverting and recession has varied dramatically to as little as a few months to as much as two years.

Grohowski and others stress that this cycle may be very different, particularly given the actions of the Federal Reserve and other central banks since the financial crisis. The long end of the curve, for instance, has been artificially depressed by global rates, with German 10-year bunds yielding just 0.34 percent.

“It seems like every day it continues to flatten. it remains to be seen whether this a recession signal but I think it is a signal that the economy is going to soften,” said Peter Boockvar, chief investment officer at Bleakley Financial Group. “Not every flattening yield curve led to a recession. To me, there’s no mystery over the yield curve flattening. The rate hikes eventually lead to an economic slowdown. Of the 13 rate hike cycles since World War II, 10 put us into a recession. We’ve only had three soft landings.”

Certainly, Fed Chairman Jerome Powell will be asked about the curve when he testifies before Congress next week. The Fed is expected to raise interest rates two more times this year and three times next year. Analysts expect the Fed to stick to its hiking plans despite the curve.

“What’s going to be interesting to see is if Powell says ‘we’re going to keep doing this,’” said Goncalves. “If it inverts the question everyone is going to be asking is when are they going to quit? Are all yield curves the same? they’re kind of not. Every regime is different than the other. In 2,000 we had the dotcom bubble and a government surplus. In 2006, when it crossed over, people were getting nervous already about housing in late 2005/2006. But what’s different back then was rates were much higher than they are now, and they did not just come off a period of massive QE. The rates were at artificial levels anyway. We’re still lower than we should be based on the kind of growth numbers we’re putting up.”

The economy in the second quarter is expected to have grown just under 4 percent, and is expected to remain strong through the end of the year with forecasts for the third and fourth quarter above 3 percent. The economy is being helped by tax law changes and fiscal stimulus but the bond market also worries that trade wars could lead to a slowdown and that has helped depress the longer end yields.

“Inverted curves have always been lurking at the scene of the crime when there’s a recession. It’s more of a coincident indicator than a causal factor,” said Jim Caron, fixed income portfolio manager and managing director at Morgan Stanley Investment Management.

Caron said this time the yield curve could be signaling the extreme policies the Federal Reserve undertook to drag the economy out of the financial crisis, and while the Fed is raising rates it is not yet “tightening.”

“One thing we have to reconcile is what’s unique about this environment is we just went through a long period of QE [quantitative easing] to keep rates lower than normally would be the case. Most estimates for QE would argue the curve is probably on the order of about 40 to 50 basis points flatter than it normally would be,” he said. “The flatness of the yield curve is instead a weaker signal about a recession than it has been in the past because of all these QE factors

Many strategists say it is simply the Fed’s rate hiking cycle flattening the curve, while inflation is not picking up that much, and there’s fear the economy may ultimately not prove strong enough to withstand all the interest rate hikes it plans. Those arguments are used to explain why the 10-year yield is not much higher than 2.84 percent, and have also led some to believe the Fed will stop hiking if it looks like the curve will invert.

Source: Wells Fargo

At the same time, the 2-year, which hit 2.57 percent Friday, is rising as the Federal Reserve looks set to move forward with interest rates hikes. Besides super low global rates, the 10-year reflects the fact that the Fed still has a huge balance sheet although it is gradually shrinking it.

“i think some of the folks out there are definitely thinking the Fed will do no more than one or two more hikes, and then stop. There’s going to be disappointment. That’s not the signal the Fed is sending. I’m inclined to believe the Fed .If it does that, it will keep pressure on the curve to flatten, but probably not much more,” said Michael Schumacher, director of rate strategy at Wells Fargo.

Goncalves said the Fed will keep going with hikes. “The Fed’s going to go through with it anyway. The hiked through an equity meltdown in 2000. The bond market is sounding the alarm, but the Fed is not going to be running to what it perceives to be a false alarm initially, even if things go up in smoke,” he said.

Schumacher said he doubts the yield curve is a good forecaster for the economy, and it will not be until the Fed whittles down its bond portfolio. He said in the years between 1988 to 2008, when the 2-year and 10-year yields inverted, it generally led recession by 24 months.

Schumacher said there is an event that could send those back end yields higher—the Treasury will announce its refunding needs on Aug. 1, and that could be an announcement that reveals more longer term debt issuance, which could send rates higher. “It really boils down to this mismatch between supply and demand on the back end of the curve,” said Schumacher.